basin water blog

Water crisis could happen in Malaysian cities

2011-04-10T20:59:00.000-07:00

By 2050, about 70% of the world's population would be city dwellers and the latest UN estimates stated that the world's population was expected to climb to 9.2 billion in 2050.
Many cities around the world are suffering from water stress. In Malaysia, it it estimated that between 65 to 70% of the 28 million population live in the urban areas and water stress is fast developing due to high demends both for domestic and non-domestic uses. S Piarapakaran, president of Association of Water and Energy Research Malaysia (AWER), as quoted by Borneo Post March 22nd,2011, stated that most of the cities in the country do not have a water treatment plant within their vicinity, for example Taiping. Bukit Larut catchment that supplying water for Taiping is currently subjected to threat from development. More than 200,000 people are depending on the water source. He was also stressing about the important of having proper reserved margin in designing water treatment and supply system. Areas which are subjected for development must have stringent wastewater discharge standard.
Source: Borneo Post, March 22, 2011.

Food crisis in the year 2008

2010-09-10T21:23:00.000-07:00

The food crisis in the beginning of year 2008 (April) was triggered by the dramatic escalation in the global food prices, that had caused hunger, riots and hoarding in poor countries. The crisis had been tackles by world wide actions, both the short term and long term meassures.
The short term measure was to assist the poor countries with rapid financial assisstance by the World Bank, and as such eased the pressure to World Food Programme, a UN agency in feeding around 73 million people in that particular year.
The longterm measures were to help developing countries to increase their food production capacity, as well as the continous effort to improve the world trading system.
The top rice producers and the april 2008 rice projection as of November 2007, US Dept. of Agriculture data, were as follows:

China 129.5 million tonnes
India 94.0
Indonesia 35.5
Bangladesh 28.4
Vietnam 23.3
Thailand 18.5
Burma 11.3
Philippines 10.4
Brazil 8.2
Japan 7.9

Source: Borneo Post, April 30, 2008.

Citrakan Positif Warga Indonesia Di Negeri Jiran

2010-06-11T20:54:00.000-07:00

PROF. Ir. Frederik Josep Putuhena, MSc, PhD merupakan salah satu professor senior di Fakultas Tehnik Sipil, Universitas Malaysia Serawak. Dia merupakan warga asli Indonesia. Menjadi dosen di Unimas sejak tahun 2002 lalu.“Ketika baru masuk ke Unimas, saya bahkan merupakan satu-satunya professor yang ada di tehnik sipil. Tetapi sekarang sudah terdapat dua orang, kesemuanya masih muda,” ungkap pria yang akrab disapa Putu ini saat ditemui di ruang kerjanya.Pria 58 tahun itu mengkisahkan, setelah lulusan Universitas Indonesia pada 1974, dia bekerja di Departemen Pekerjaan Umum. Kemudian mendapatkan kesempatan mengambil gelar master di Newcastel UponTyne, United Kingdom. Setelah menamatkan pendidikan S-2 pada tahun 1978, selain bekerja sebagai pegawai negeri, dirinya juga berprofesi sebagai dosen di beberapa universitas, diantaranya Universitas Pancasila dan Bina Nusantara.

“Saat itu memang terdapat program dari Menteri PU yang mewajibkan pegawainya yang telah mengambil S2 mengajar di perguruan tinggi, terutama di fakultas tehnik, sebagai aplikasi penyaluran ilmu yang di dapat pada saat studi,” kata Putu.Tak hanya sampai di situ, lanjut Putu, dia kembali dipercaya untuk melanjutkan pendidikan mengambil program doktor di Sunny of Buffalo, Amerika serikat. Tamat pada tahun 1991, Putu masih melanjutkan profesinya sebagai dosen dan pegawai negeri.“Saat itu ada penawaran agar saya melanjutkan pendidikan S3 di Amerika. Tanpa ragu lagi saya terima tawaran itu,” ungkapnya.Setelah menjelang pensiun, Putu mengatakan, dirinya berpikir untuk tetap beraktivitas. Oleh sebab itu, ketika melihat iklan di salah satu media massa di Jakarta, maka Putu memutuskan melamar. “Niat saya untuk mencari pengalaman, karena selama ini saya sudah mengajar di perguruan tinggi di Indonesia. Setelah dilakukan tes di Jakarta, saya dinyatakan lulus. Tetapi itupun tidak langsung sebagai dosen, melainkan visitor professor,” jelas dia.

Sejak resmi sebagai dosen Unimas pada tahun 2003 karena merasa cocok untuk bekerja di Unimas, Putu sedikit berbangga. Saat itu, dia merupakan satu-satunya professor di Fakultas Tehnik Unimas, bahkan berasal dari Indonesia. Akan tetapi semua itu tidak membuatnya berbesar hati. Bahkan sosok yang santun dan penuh senyum ini selalu berusaha memberikan citra masyarakat Indonesia yang baik di mata Malaysia.Putu mengaku dirinya tertarik mengajar di Malaysia, karena kesejahteraannya lebih dibandingkan di Indonesia. Salah satunya adalah penghasilan yang didapatkan sebagai tenaga pengajar, lebih besar dibanding mengajar di Indonesia. Selain itu, dilihat dari sudut pandagan akademik, menurut Putu, Unimas system akademiknya sangat tertib. Setiap dosen dan mahasiswa serta staf yang ada, menjalankan kewajibannya tanpa dipengaruhi kepentingan pribadi. Selain itu, birokrasinya sangat tidak menyulitkan, sehingga mahasiswa bisa belajar dengan tenang. Dosen juga patuh akan kewajibannya.

“Jam mengajar di sini seperti jam kantor. Masuk jam delapan pagi sampai jam lima sore. Sehingga mahasiswa yang ingin konsultasi tidak kerepotan menemui dosennya. Selain itu, waktu libur, dosen bisa melakukan penelitian. Suasana di sini juga sangat nyaman, tidak sumpek seperti Jakarta,” kata Putu.Akan tetapi meskipun berada di negeri orang, Putu tak menampik mengabdikan diri untuk negeri tercinta. Karena dia menyadari, dia tetap akan kembali ke Indonesia, setelah kontrak sebagai tenaga dosen berakhir. Pada saat berada di Malaysia, Putu sadar bahwa sumbangsih warga Indonesia kepada tanah airnya tidak harus berada di dalam negeri. Dari luar negeri pun warga Indonesia bisa tetap menyumbangkan perannya untuk kemajuan bangsa dan negara.“Kami semua menjadi dosen, peneliti sekaligus duta bangsa dan rakyat Indonesia dan pada saat berada di Malaysia, kami akan selalu menjaga maruah bangsa,” tandas Putu.

Extracted from The Pontianak Post Online.

Catatan perbaikan mengenai umur, yaitu bahwa waktu diwawancara dalam bulan Mei 2010, umur saya sudah 63 tahun, bukan 58 tahun.

Energy Development in Sabah

2010-05-09T01:53:00.000-07:00

Sabah Energy Sdn Bhd (SESB) had committed itself to use the green technology for over 100 MW in the east coast of Sabah. However, the development of 300 MW Coal-fired plant in Lahat Datu is still the best option to provide better electricity to the east coast of Sabah. This statement was given by Baharin Din, the managing director of SESB, as quoted by Borneo Post, April 27, 2010.
The current demand in the east coast of Sabah is 220 MW, and expected to grow to 400 MW by 2017. Although they have the east-west grid, the supply of 300 MW from the coal plant is unavoidable. The Environmental Impact Assessment is to be completed at the end of May 2010, and if it is approved the construction will be carried out immediately. It is expected that the first unit of 75 MW plant would be completed by 2013.

River Basins in Sabah

2010-05-08T21:42:00.000-07:00

Figure 1 Rivers and Points Annual Rainfall at Sabah (After Sabah Water Resources Master Plan, 1995)

The best source of information about river basins in Sabah is from the "Sabah Water Resources Master Plan", which can be seen at http://www.did.sabah.gov.my/ . The river basins are can be grouped as those that discharging the flow to the west coast, north coast, and to the east coast. Some rivers that go to west coast are:

Sg. Mayog/Babogon
Sg. Papar
Sg. Padas

Some rivers that go to the north coast are:

Sg. Bandau
Sg. Bangan/Kinorom
Sg. Bengkoko/Pitas

Some rivers that go to the east coast are:

Sg. Liwagu
Sg. Kinabatangan
Sg. Tawau
Sg. Merotai Besar

The Figure 1 shows the points annual rainfalls and rivers in Sabah.

Energy Development in Indonesia

2010-05-01T04:03:00.000-07:00

The goal of energy development in Indonesia is to increase the access to energy for currently 65 % of 234 million of its population to 90%, by the end of 2020. The plan is by adding extra 10, 000 MW by 2012 from coal energy, and the other is another 10,000 MW from geothermal energy.
More information about development of geothermal energy in Indonesia can be found in the PT Pertamina Geothermal at http://www.pgeindonesia.com/

Development of geothermal energy is a strategic move in the energy development in Indonesia since it is a clean energy, and hence reducing the greenhouse gas emission. The head of Indonesian Association Geothermal Association, Surya Darma, as quoted by Borneo Post April 25, 2010, said that "The government's aim to add 4,000 MW of geothermal capacity from existing 1,189 MW, by 2014". One of the biggest obstacles is the cost, where a geothermal plant cost twice compare to a dirty coal-fired power plant. But once established, it can provide the free supply of volcanic heat as electricity with much lower overhead.

Energy analyst Herman Darnel was also quoted as saying that an investment of US $ 12 billion is needed to add 4000 MW capacity, and field exploration can take from three to five years, suitability studies, for funding takes a year, while building the plant itself takes three years.

The 17,000 islands in Indonesia contains hundreds of volcanoes, estimated to hold around 40% of the world's geothermal energy potential. So far Indonesia only exploits seven geothermal fields out of more than 250 that could be developed.

4. Logical Framework for Integrated River Basin Management

2010-04-26T20:23:00.000-07:00

4.1 Introduction

The logical framework approach (LFA) was first adopted by U.S. AID in the early 1970s. The framework provides a set of designing tools that, when used creatively, can be used for planning, designing, implementing and evaluating projects (the entire project cycle). The purpose of LFA is to undertake participatory, objectives-oriented planning that spans the life of project or policy work to build stakeholder's team commitment and capacity, through a series of workshops. The technique requires stakeholders to come together in a series of workshops to set priorities and plan for implementation and monitoring.

This achieved by structuring the main elements of project in a matrix (the logical framework) which summarizes the project, highlighting logical linkages between intended inputs, planned activities and expected results and records the underlying assumption. See Figure 4.1, for the content of framework matrix and how to read the LFA.

4.2 Steps in Logical Framework Development

The steps in developing a logical framework are a follows:

Problem Analysis
Stakeholders Analysis
Objectives Analysis
Alternative Analysis
Identify main project elements
Identify external factors
Identify indicators and means of verifications
Filling up the logical framework matrix

4.3 Application of Logical Framework for Sarawak River Basin Planning

The following is an exercise of an application of Logical Framework Approach for Sarawak River Basin planning and management.

Sarawak River Basin is being used for the following purposes:

Urban and rural water supply;
Sink for sewerage and wastewater;
Agriculture and aquaculture;
Industries (the important one is electronics);
Recreation;
Biodiversity;
Flood control for some developed areas, which are highly affected by floods; and
Other purposes.

Some hydraulics Infrastructures have been developed and proposed for that purposes, i.e.:

Sungai Sarawak Regulation Scheme ( Bako Causeway, Pending Causeway, Barrage)
Landing Facilities (Wharves and Jetties)
Water Intakes ( Batu Kitang, Siniawan, Bau)
Construction of Weir across the Sg. Sarawak Kiri
Proposed Bengoh Dam

Figure 4.3.1 Hydraulics Infrastructures in Sarawak River Basin

Step 1: Problem Analysis

Identify the issues and problems then and select the focal problem. In this exercised the problem in water supply is chosen as the focal point for the next 25 years development in Sarawak River Basin. Then, establish the Problem Tree, as follows:

Step 2: Stakeholders Analysis

Stakeholders or institutional analysis is to identify who is addressing this problem and who is going to be affected the most. The stakeholders are categorized, and their linkages are defined.

In this case the stakeholders are consists of the State Government of Sarawak (which representing by Sarawak Water Resources Council), domestic, commercial and industrial operators, and community/public in general.

Categorization and their linkage is as follows (see Figure 4.3.3):

Step 3: Objectives Analysis

The objective analysis is done by reformulating the statements in the Problem Tree as positive statements to become the Objective Tree. The objective tree is as follows (see Figure )

Step 4: Alternative Analysis

There are five obvious alternatives have been identified:

Weir Kiri, for protection against salinity intrusion and increase safe yield beyond 2010 ( Estimated 484MLD);
Dam Bengoh, for long term need of Kuching water supply to increase safe yield beyond 2030 demand (Estimated 1965 MLD);
Sewage and Wastewater Treatment, toward safe and clean raw water supply and prevention of direct effluent to the river;
Weir Kanan, for increasing safe yield to 2020 demand; and
Capacity Building in Water Resource Sector, to cope with the policy and institutional development, and with the non-construction activities.

Clusters are then developed from the combination of alternatives:

Alternatives 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5;
Alternatives 1, 2, 3, and 5; and
Alternatives 1, 3, 4, and 5.

Then, a set of criteria base on the cost, chance of success, cost and benefit ratio, time horizon, and social risk, has been used to choose the best combination. In this case, the best alternative is the cluster of alternative 1, 2, 3, and 5 that has been chosen as the strategy for future action.

Step 5: Identify main project elements

The main project elements for Input, Activities, output, immediate objectives, and development objectives can be seen in the LFA Matrix

Step 6: Identify external factors

External factors are the important factors for the success of the project, but lies outside the scope or not influenced by the project. These external factors will be included in the matrix and put as the assumptions in the forth column at the appropriate project element.

Step 7: Identify indicators and means of verifications

The objective Indicators describe the project elements into operationally measurable terms. They should be measurable in a consistent way at an acceptable cost. On the other hands, the source of verification are documents, reports and other sources providing information that make it possible to gauge actual progress.

Step 8: Filling up the logical framework matrix

All the analytical results concerning the project elements, objective indicators, mean of verification, and the assumption are put in the Logical Framework Matrix as shown in the following Table 4.3.

Remarks

LFA workshops should be conducted, so that the stakeholders can reach a common understanding of the problem to be addressed, how and under what constraints. The use of LFA and systematic monitoring ensures continuity of approach, especially when its results are used by various organizations

3. Water Resources Project Formulation

2010-04-20T08:17:00.000-07:00

3.1 Project costs and benefits

Planning can be defined as the orderly consideration of a project from the original statement of purpose through the evaluation of alternatives to final decision on a course of action. River Basin Planning is applying the concept of city or regional master plan, which attempts to define the most desirable future growth pattern for an area. Forecasting of the future conditions are essential (Planning Horizon), and the evaluation of alternatives is conducted by applying the principle of engineering economy, where ever applicable.
In response to the economic objectives, data on benefits and costs is required. The time value of money should be represented through an appropriate discount rate.
Not all benefits or costs of water projects can be measured in money terms. For example the social costs of requiring people to move away from a reservoir site, or the peace of mind gained by reduction of flood hazard, must be dealt with a descriptive terms. The environmental costs and benefits will also include many items which can be presented in descriptive terms only.
An example of project costs and benefits analysis for a flood mitigation project is given in many water resources engineering book.

3.2 Project formulation activities

At any stage of water resources development studies, from identification to master plan, and to feasibility study, development projects have to be formulated. Once the basic data and the projections of future conditions are assembled, actual formulation of the project can commence. The important consideration is the compilation of a list of alternatives. As project formulation proceeds, it may be evident that new data or projections are required, or that some revision of background data is needed.

The first step in project formulation within a river basin is the definition of the boundary conditions that restrict a project to be built. Example of Boundary Conditions:

One or more aspects of water development can be eliminated on the basis of physical limitations, i.e., no navigation on torrential mountain streams.
Certain problems may be fixed in location, i.e., flood mitigation for an existing city
The available water may be limited or subject only to minor changes.
Maximum land areas usable for various purposes may be definable. This does not exclude possibility of alternative uses for a given parcel of land.
A policy decision may reserve certain lands for specific purposes, i.e., parks and recreation area.
Possible sites for water storage (both surface and underground) can be defined and their limiting capacity evaluated
Certain existing locations of water use exist and must continue to be supplied.
Legal constraints may reserve certain lands or prohibit certain activities or actions.
Negative environmental impacts may eliminate certain projects from further consideration

In formulating alternatives it is important to note that a variety of alternatives is possible. Commonly:

Engineering alternatives, various locations or heights of dams or levees versus reservoir, are recognized as alternatives.
Non structural or management alternatives such as flood plain regulation
Alternatives objectives can also be considered
Institutional alternatives might also be investigated. Various agencies, national and local, might be considered as project managers.
Alternatives of timing. In some cases the benefits may be considerably enhanced by postponing the project to a date when the requirements are compatible with the project yield. Delay may also provide time to collect needed data and permit more reliable estimates of project capabilities.

The role of planners is to present alternatives for consideration of the public or their elected decision makers. Planners must be careful not to advocate or eliminate an alternative because of their own views or prejudices.

When the alternatives have been defined, the planners’ task is to provide data which aids in choice among alternatives. The selection criteria are base on economic, social, and environmental costs and benefits (tangibles and intangibles).

3.3 Project appraisal.

The objective of project formulation is to convince the financing agencies (Banks) for funding the project implementation. The application of funding is usually conducted between the Feasibility Study and Design stage, where the funding agency will send their team to appraise the project application. The appraisal team will check whether the project is technically, environmentally, economically, and financially feasible, before proceed with financing the project.

2. Water Resources Project Cycles

2010-04-18T02:11:00.000-07:00

2.1 Project Cycle

Like the other sectors of government project development and management, the water resources sector development and management within a river basin is following a cycle of projects, which is consist of:

Master Planning;
Feasibility study;
Engineering Design;
Construction;
Operation & Maintenance;
Rehabilitation or Restoration.

The complete stages or project cycle is shown in Figure 2.1 below:

The terms used to describe the stages in planning are subject to variations in use and interpretation, but in general are summaries below:

Inventory by region or river basin of potential schemes for development, determine on aerial photography plus other information, in term of land and water availability and access;
Identification of projects by name, during or after the inventory, and notification of interest parties;
Reconnaissance to clarify aspects not resolved during the inventory, by conducting field survey, and classification to determine scope of further studies, if any;
Pre-feasibility study and screening to compare outlines or types of scheme which may fulfill the objectives; to compare approximate cost and benefits; to select schemes for further study; and to determine the requirements for survey and investigations;
Feasibility study to establish the need, and to define precisely the scheme to meet the need; recommend a program for implementation; draw attention to possible problems; calculate capital, running costs and benefits; and indicate whether the project is technically and economically viable;
Design is to conduct preliminary designs and/or detailed final designs, to produce contract documents, and cost estimates;
Construction is to implementation the intended development project or the hydraulics infrastructures.
Operation of the facilities of infrastructures, where during the design stage the Operation Manual, and Operation Rules have to be prepared;
Maintenance of the facilities that consist of “Routine maintenance”, and “Special Maintenance”. An example for special maintenance is the maintenance and repair works that should be conducted after a flood event;
Rehabilitation is the activities due to the accumulation of problems that cannot be solved by maintenance only. The rehabilitation is activities to bring back the facilities into their design capacity.
Restoration is to bring the nature back into the current condition of the river basin degradations.
A Master Plan is for setting priority of a series of name schemes to develop the water resources within a region (usually a river basin, but sometimes also an administrative unit). It may be prepared at any stage of the study, but it usually done as part of, and as a product of, pre feasibility studies.

A project maybe subject to all or only a few of these stages, depending upon the importance of the investment and the experience that already available (for example on the farming that available on the site, in case of an agricultural project). Furthermore the boundaries between the planning stages may be varied:

A combine reconnaissance stage may include an inventory and identification of project; and
Detailed reconnaissance may overlap the scope of pre-feasibility study;
A detailed feasibility study may include some design works.

2.2 Water Resources Projects Activities (See Table 2.2 below)

Table 2.2 Activities for every stage of studies, implementation and monitoring

2.3 Master Plan

Master plan must be revised periodically. It becomes obsolete if the assumptions regarding the future are not realized. The changes in assumptions are due to changes in technology, economic development, and public attitude.
Please see article "Water Resources Development Studies is Sarawak". The plans and studies are related to the elements of water resources development in Sarawak State. It shows the various stages of studies that can be used as information to conduct master plan study for each river basin in Sarawak.
Also see “Sabah Water Resources Master Plan” at http://www.did.sabah.gov.my/eng/wrmp_index.asp

1. Water Resources Assessment

2010-04-17T00:35:00.000-07:00

Water resources assessment would include the definition of river basin as a geographycal unit for assessing water resoures; the hydrological analysis to assess the availability of surface and groundwater within a river basin, as well as the flood characteristics during the wet season; water demand analysis for assessing the water supply requirement; and the elements of river basin development for sustaining the human welfares.

1.1 River basin definition:

River Basin is a geographical area determined by the watershed limits of the system of waters, including surface and underground waters, flowing into a common terminus (See Figure 1.1).

Figure 1.1 River Basin

1.2 Hydrological Analysis for water availability, and extreme conditions

1.2.1 Selection of Hydrological Stations.

Figure 1.2 below is an example of a map that shows the location of rainfall stations and river gauging stations at the Baram river basin, Sarawak.

Figure 1.2 Hydrological Stations at Baram River Basin

From the inventory of hydrological stations, the location, the length of records (daily or manual, and continuous or automatic), and the quality data are the things that should be considered in selecting rainfall stations and the river gauging stations for the planning purposes.

1.2.2 Rainfall Analysis

Depend on the purposes of a study; rainfall analysis for water availability can be done for weekly, monthly or annually. While for extreme conditions (flood), short duration data (less than 24 hours) are used for the analysis.
The points data from rainfall stations are usually need to be regionalized by using the appropriate method, such as:

Thiessen Polygon
Isohyets
Arithmetic mean

This analysis is necessary for estimating the runoff water or the river basin yield

1.2.3 Estimating Runoff

The formula for estimating runoff is:

R = P – L – G,

Where:

R = runoff (mm)
P = precipitation or rainfall (mm)
L = Basin recharge (mm), which is the portion of precipitation that does not contribute to stream flow or groundwater. It consists of evaporation, interception, depression storage, soil moisture.
G = Groundwater accretion or accumulation (mm)

In estimating the annual runoff, and for an approximation, G can be eliminated and L can be considered as evaporation only.

1.2.4 River Flow Analysis

The river gauging stations can be a staff gauge, where the water level are recorded manually (two or three times a day), or an automatic water level recorder that record the water level data continuously.

Beside water level measurements, the discharge, sediment load, and water quality are also measured to develop:

Discharge Rating Curve;
Sediment Rating Curve; and
Water Quality concentration.

Flood analysis can be conducted by using the annual max recording flood for the whole length of data, and applying the frequency analysis. The same frequency analysis is applied to the recorded annual minimum flows for low flow analysis.

1.2.5. Groundwater Yield:

The subsurface water conditions can be categories as:

Saturated groundwater;
Capillary water; and
Soil moisture.

The groundwater movement in the saturated condition is following the Darcy Formula, i.e.:

Vx = Kx * dH/dx

Where: Vx = velocity in the x direction

Kx = Coefficient of permeability; and

dH/dx = hydraulics gradient

Depend on its geological condition; an aquifer is defined as a formation or geological materials that can keep and release water in an adequate amount. The aquifer has a good potential if it can release more than 200 gpm; it is a fair potential if can only release water between 50 and 200 gpm; and it is poor potential, if can release water less than 50 gpm.

Furthermore there are two types of aquifers; confined and unconfined aquifer.

Groundwater yield is determined by conducting groundwater pumping test using two observation wells, or one observation well, or without observation well.

1.3 Water Demand

1.3.1 Domestic consumption

Domestic consumption that has been used for forecasting the demand in the Master Plan for Kuching Water Board is as shown in Table 1.3.1:

Table 1.3.1 Domestic consumption

Domestic consumption ___________ (l/capita/day)
Year ____________--1998 --2000 --2005 --2010-- 2015 --2020
Urban ___________---240 ---245 ---260 ----275 ----290 --300
Standpipes ________----50 ----50 -----50 -----50 -----50 ---50
Rural ____________---140 ---155 ----170 ----180 ----190 -200

1.3.2 Commercial/Institutional consumption

For commercial/institutional consumption the water demand forecast is base on these assumptions:

Table 1.3.2 Commercial/institutional Consumption

Commercial consumption __________ (l/capita/day)
Year _____________1998 --2000 --2005 --2010 --2015 --2020
_________________ 107 ---109 ----112 ----115 ---118 ----121

1.3.3 Industrial Consumption

Assumptions that have been used in water demand forecasting for industrial water consumption are as follows:

Table 1.3.3 Industrial Consumption

Type of Industry _____________Consumption

Cotton ____________________400 l/employee/day
Beer with cooling process_______ 17 – 23 l/ l beer
Beer without cooling process ______5 – 7 l/ l beer
Milk processing _______________3 – 6 l/ l milk
Wool processing ______________1000 l/ kg wool
Sugar cane processing __________100 l/ kg sugar
Paper production (soft paper) _____1500 – 3000 l/ kg
Paper production (printing) ______400 – 600 l/ kg

The actual use will be influence by the price and availability of water, the degree of recycling/multiple use of water, and efficiency.

1.3.4 Non Revenue Water (NRW)

Non Revenue Water is losses that occur through leakages, releases for fire fighting, or the flushing of main distribution system.

1.3.5 Total Urban or Rural Water Supply.

Total urban or rural water supply is:
The total water consumptions + Non revenue water.

1.3.6 Agricultural Water Demand

1.3.7. Aquaculture Water Demand

1.4 Elements of Water Resources Development

The elements of water resources development plan are shown in Table 1.4 below:

Table 1.4 Elements of Water Resources Development Plan

Introduction to River Basin Planning

2010-04-16T23:27:00.000-07:00

River basin planning would include the following topics:

Water Resources Assessment
Water Resources Project Cycles
Project Formulation
Logical Framework for Integrated River Basin Development

Water resources development and management involves people, natural resources, and infrastructures. Hence, water resources are integrally link to the land resources and environmental condition in meeting the water-related needs of society. In this case, the responsibility of water resources professionals would include:

Formulation and implementation of water resource management strategies; and
Planning, design, construction, and operation and maintenance of water resources/hydraulics infrastructures

The water related (hydraulics) infrastructure of an urban area, rural, or river basin include:

River regulation structures;
Wells for pumping groundwater;
Storage (Dam and reservoir) and conveyance facilities;
Water treatment plants;
Water distribution networks;
Wastewater management system;
Flood damage reduction measures;
Erosion mitigation practices;
Storm drainage systems;
Bridges, culverts;
Hydroelectric power plants; and
Various other man made facilities.

Since water related needs and issues are broad, complex, and crucial to economic growth, social development, and environmental protection, naturally water resources development and management are interdisciplinary. Hence, in order to do the work successfully, water resources planners should be able to work with other stakeholders, like politician, economists, lawyers, urban planners, agricultural scientists, chemists, biologists, geologists, meteorologists, system analysts, and professionals from various other scientific and engineering disciplines, as well as water users and the public. On the other hand, the holistic or integrated approach should be implemented for water resources management purposes, within a geographical unit of river basin, through a river basin planning.

Contextual and environmental issues that should be taken into consideration in the current river basin planning would include:

Sustainable development;
Climate Change adaptation;
Renewal Energy; and
Green Technology.

Rain Harvesting

2010-04-16T20:32:00.000-07:00

Rain harvesting is a method of direct use of rain water for domestic and industrial water supply. It consist of rainwater collection, storage, and utilization for different purposes. Nowadays, rain harvesting is becoming important and relevant due to the conversion of land uses from forest and agriculture area into urbanized ares, which has been changing the ability of land surface to conserve water. In combination with common treated water supply the rain harvesting method can save the amount of treated water consumption. Such uses would include flushing toilet, watering plants, cleaning and cooling industrial equipment and machinery.

River basin, metropolitan, and municipality authorities are ought to enchorage the use of rainwater harvesting whenever changes in landuse is occured, especially changes into real-estate or industrial estate development. Such rainwater harvesting can be implemented collectively or individually.

Table of Contents for River Basin Planning

2010-04-10T23:57:00.000-07:00

1. Introduction

2. Water Resources Assessment

2.1 River basin definition

2.2 Hydrological Analysis

2.2.1 Selection of hydrological stations

2.2.2 Rainfall analysis

2.2.3 Water Availability

2.2.4 River flow analysis

2.2.5 Groundwater yield

2.3 Water Demand

2.4 Elements of water resources development

3. Water Resources Project Cycles

3.1 Master Planning;

3.2 Feasibility study;

3.3 Engineering Design;

3.4 Construction;

3.5 Operation & Maintenance;

3.6 Rehabilitation or Restoration

4. Project Formulation

5. Logical Framework for Integrated River Basin Development

Abu Dhabi Zero Carbon City

2010-04-04T00:08:00.000-07:00

Masdar City is designed to entirely rely on renewal energy, which are solar power to exploit the near constant supply of sunshine. This is a place that has no carbon footprint, hence less harmfull for the earth. Masdar project has been under construction since February 2008 by Abu Dhabi Future Energy Company (ADFEC). It is housing for about 50,000 people in a car free environment.

As reported in Borneo Post (January 24, 2008) Masdar, arabic word for "source", would include plans to build a US $ 350 million 100 MW solar plant, which will later be boosted to 500 MW to deal with peak-time pressure on the national grid. The initiative is also founding a university for future energy studies in collaboration with Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Please visit for more information to http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8586046.stm

Bintulu and Kuching Sewerage System

2010-03-30T04:07:00.001-07:00

Bintulu Sewerage System

Bintulu Sewerage System is a Centralized Sewerage System, and it is the only town in Sarawak that uses this system. Now Kuching City is also constructing the same centralize system. However, Bintulu is facing problems in managing the system. As reported in the Borneo Post, March 26, 2010, Kidurang assemblyman has called on the authority to set up a "special task force" to manage the system. This is due to the overflowing manholes at many places. The overflowing sewerage is actually raw sewage coming straight from the toilets and bath rooms of the houses and shops. Many estates do not have septic tank anymore and the waste water are directly connect into the pipe system that carry the discharge into the oxidation pond.

Kuching City Sewerage System

Kuching city had been declared as "Bandaraya" since 1988, and furthermore to improve the environmental quality and the image of the city as a "Healthy City", and "Bandaraya Lestari" , a centralized sewerage system is now underconstruction see Figure below:

Source: Program Book Majlis Pelancaran Projek Sistem pembetungan Bersepadu Bandaraya Kuching

This system collects wastewater from kitchens, bathrooms, wash areas (greywater) and toilets (Blackwater) to be channelled through an underground pipes system into a sewerage treatment plant. The plant treats the wastewater before discharging back into the environment with an acceptable quality. More information please visit Sarawak Sewerage Services Department website, http://www.ssd.sarawak.gov.my/

Tanjung Manis Integrated Deep Sea Fishing Port

2010-03-20T23:52:00.000-07:00

The fishing port modelled after its counterpart in Skagen, Denmark, is situated on 35.1 hectares of land, and it has a 600 m wharf that run parallel to Rajang River. The RM 332 million fisheries port alsp facilitates downstream activities that are expected to help Sarawak as a leading fisheries center of the region. One of the state-of-the-art facilities is the 7,020 square metres cold room to store fish and the ice plant with 150 metric tonne daily capacity. Conduit from the ice factory supply ice cubes directly to the vessel berthed at the jetty. There is also a 3,402 square metres fish marketing hall, and a separate 10,800 square metres building to process the fishes (Borneo Post, March 13, 2007).

Jakarta and surrounding Areas

2010-03-20T23:24:00.000-07:00

There are several river basins that should be developed properly to manage the water resources in supporting the needs for Jakarta and its surrounding areas. From west to east the river basins are Cisedane, Ciliwung, Bekasi, and Citarum river basins.

The 2007 Jakarta Flood

This was happened in early February 2007 and the death toll was reported at about 57 with around 230,000 displaced. Kampung Melayu was one of the worst-hit area. Sofyan Wanandi, from the Indonesian Employers Association told the paper, as quoted by Borneo Post, said that losses at manufacturing firms in Jakarta could top 1 trillion rupiah or US $ 110.7 million. At one stage, 2000 relay station had been shut-up, and already back to normal since February 9.
The flooded area was covering Jakarta, Tangerang, and Bekasi. Clean water supplied had been cut to about 500,000 people due to the flood which had inundated treatment plants. The flood was the worst that hit Jakarta since 2002, when 40 people were killed. Rescuers were using inflatable boats to evacuate trapped residents from their flooded houses.
At the fourth days of flood, on February 5, 2007, the Kompas daily news reported that the water level at Manggarai watergate had reached 1.050 cm or high above the normal height at 750 cm, and the water was still rising.
The National Government later announce in late February 2007, that the Jakarta floods' losses nearly US $ 1 billion. The floods which hit on February 2 covered much of the city, some 85 people were killed in the city and its surrounding areas. The excessive construction, which had not been accompanied by improved drainage was blamed as the caused of flooding.

Johor 2007 Flood

2010-03-20T20:42:00.000-07:00

The Ministry of National Development, Government of Singapore had denied claims that its land reclamation at Pulau Tekong contributed to the massive 2007 flood in Johor. There was no scientific basis to allege so. It was claimed by Johor Menteri Besar that reclamation had cause narrowing of the Johor River mouth and slowed discharged of excess rain water into the Johor Straits. (Borneo Post, February 2nd, 2007).

National Park Rawa Aopa Watumohai, Southeast Sulawesi

2010-03-20T19:35:00.000-07:00

The main gate to the National Park Rawa Aopa Watumohai (RAW) is located at Roraya, Bombana District, about 120 km from Kendari, the capital city of southeast Sulawesi province. The 105,194 ha of RAW is consist of:

Mangrove (bakau) ecosistem;
Low mountain forest; and
Swampy area

The RAW is well known as the haitat for its deers (rusa), and anoa; however these animals are no longer easy to see in the wildlife, compare to their existance in the 1970s (Subhan SD, and Yamin Indas in Kompas, April 8, 2007). Besides those two animals, there are reptiles (such as crocodiles, phytons, green snakes, and black snakes), and various birds.

Aopa swampy area is about 70,000 ha, where about 11,480 ha is belong to the national Park. In the dry season about 40,000 ha can be cultivated for short period agricultural products. RAW receives water from Lahumbuti and Konaweha rivers, and discharging its water to Pohara, Roraya, and Lnagkolawa rivers.

As a common fenomena, this national park has been encroached by the conversion of the park into agricultural areas. It reported that about 13% of the area had been converted in 2007.

Rajang River Regatta

2010-03-20T19:11:00.000-07:00

Rajang River Regatta 2010 at Sibu City was held in March 13rd-14th, 2010. At least 16 regatta boat races in March 13rd, and 11 powerboat races in March 14th were taken part in the festival. The organizer had decided to make the regatta as an annual event, and will be associated with the Sibu city tourism activities (Borneo Post March 14,2010). The two days festival included a carnival with games stalls, fun, and trade.

Hydropower Development

2010-03-05T20:02:00.000-08:00

Plan and Progress of Hydropower Development in Sarawak

Five dams at Borneo are going to be bulid by Sarawak Energy Berhad up to the 2015 (in 5 years):

Baleh (1400 MW), Technical Studies have been going on, and the next to be constructed after Murum dam (expected completion in 2013).
Pelagus (410 MW)
Baram (1200 MW)
Limbang (245 MW), which consist of Limbang I 45 MW, and Limbang II 200MW.
Lawas (100 MW)

Other Dams to be constructed on the later stage are:

Linau (290 MW); and
Metjawah (300 MW)

Handling over of Final Feasibility Study on Power Interconnection System Project between The Brunei Government and Sarawak Energy Berhad was carried out in February 18th, 2010. The hydropower will be deliver in stages:
100 MW by 2012, additional 50 MW by 2013, and yearly 50 MW increase afterward based on a "take - or - pay" model.

Transmission line was expected to pass through Sungai Tujuh, Kuala Belait, Spark, Bukit Penggal and Katok, to link Miri and Brunei (40 km from Tudan sub-station in Miri to Kuala Belait). This transmission is part of the "ASEAN Power Interconnection Master Plan".

Those five dams above are complement to the Bakun Dam, which are going to produce about 300 MW by the end of 2010 from its first turbine. The Bakun Hydroelectic Dam will produce about 2400 MW by 2015. While the other Murum dam will produce 940 MW upon its completion in the year 2013.

Demand for Hydropower

The annual consumption for domestic and industries in Sarawak is currently about 1,000 MW of power.

Demand for SCORE (Sarawak Corridor of Renewal Energy) area:
Following the signing of cooperation agreement between 1Malaysia Development Bhd (1MDB) and State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC) to develop project in SCORE area, the demand for electricity should be taken up. The reported plans for one smelter plant (RM 10 billion) in Samalaju Industrial area, and three power plants (Murum, Baram, and Baleh) reveal that between RM 21.4 billion to RM 32.7 billion is needed.
The demand for electricity for the smelter plant is the highest one, the first two smelters would required 1800 MW power.

Request from Brunei:
100 MW by 2012, and additional 50 MW by 2013, and yearly 50 MW increase afterward based on a "take - or - pay" model.

Transfer to Semenanjung:
Tenaga Nasional Berhad will gradually need 1,600 MW from the year 2015 onward, according to Energy, Green Technology, and Water Minister, Datuk Seri Peter Chin, as quoted by The Borneo Post (February, 17, 2010). Transferring the power from Bakun, Sarawak to the peninsula will required two submarine cables, each capable of transmitting 800 MW, to be laid at a cost of RM 8 billion, and expected to be ready by 2016 and 2017. Head agreement between Sarawak Energy and Tenaga Nasional, which was signed in 2008 mentioned that Sarawak is to sell 3000 MW of power to Tenaga from 2017 to 2020, and an additional 5000 MW from 2021 to 2030. All this is in addition to the coming Semenanjung own hydropower of 250 MW from Hulu Trengganu, and 372 MW from Jerai Dams to be in placed between 2014 and 2015.

State power grid
Based on a survey by Sarawak Energy Berhad (SEB) Kapit and Song would soon be part of the state grid. Uninterrupted electricity supply from the grid will come to those two cities by 2012.

More information please visit http://www.sesco.com.my/

Cost of building hydropower dam
Am Research Sdn Bhd (Am Research) as quoted by Borneo Post (Wednesday, March 24,2010) stated that the priority for now (for Sarawak Energy Berhad) would be on the implementation of larger hydro plants, which had a lower unit cost as compared with smaller one. It is reported that a larger one was around RM 2 million to RM 3 million per MW.

Sarawak Water Supply

2010-02-27T00:07:00.000-08:00

Water Supply at the Sarawak State are delivered by Kuching Water Board, Sibu Water Board, and LAKU Management Sdn Bhd. Beside those three there are 89 water supply authorities under the state Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR), which supply drinking water according to the National Drinking Water Standards.
All together the water boards and authorities are servicing 76.3 % of the population, 100 % of the urban area, and 54.4 % of the rural population. Works are progressing to achieve the target of 70% of rural population by the end of Ninth Malaysia Plan.
In some areas, the water is come from low lying rivers that covered with peat swamp forest, for example Miri, where the water come from Bakong river. The water is colour (yellowish) due to the organic content, but it is not harmful for human consumptions. Other source of water that being studied for low lying area is from groundwater.

Converting wetlands to other uses result in large emissions of carbon and methane

2010-02-26T23:53:00.000-08:00

To help avoid extreme climate change, existing wetlands should be enhanced and new wetlands created so they could capture more carbon. Wetlands hold about 20% of all terrestrial carbon stock. However, wetlands, including peatlands, continue to be convered to other uses around the world, resulting in large emission of carbon and methane. Besides capturing and holding carbon, wetlands are hotspots of biodiversity, crucial components in flood control, and in providing clean water.
Without substantial reductions in emissions of fossil fuels, up to 85 percent of wetlands will be lost in the future. It would also release enough carbon and methane to almost certainly tip the climate into an era of extreme and rapid change.
Wetlands, including marshes, peat bogs, swamps, river deltas, mangroves, tundra, lagoon, and river floodplains, are covering just 6% of the earth land surface. It contain an estimated 771 billion tonnes of greenhouse gases, both CO2 and more potent methane. Some 60% of wetlands worldwide, and up to 90% in Europe, have been destroyed in the past 100 years, principally due to drainage for agriculture, and also through pollution, dams, canals, groundwater pumping, urban development, and peat extraction.
More information, please visit http://www.wetlands.org/

Low water record in the Mekong River

2010-02-26T22:35:00.000-08:00

Water levels in the northern Mekong River are at record-low levels, posing a thread to water supply, navigation and irrigation along the stretch of water that is home to about 60 million peoples. Jeremy Bird, chief executive officer of the Mekong River Commission (MRC) Secretariat, told AFP that in this late February 2010, northen Thailand, northen Laos, and southern China have been affected by the low water, that are lower than the last 20 years records.
Bird said that it is difficult to say whether global warming is responsible but the wet season in Vientiane last year was one of the worst on record, and was followed by much lower than average rain late in 2009 and early this year.
There are eight existing or planned dams on the main stream Mekong in China, which are normally filled during the dry season, with whatever rain that fall during that season.
More information can be get from the Mekong River Commission website at http://www.mrcmekong.org/
Low water level record was continue ocurring, and it was reported by Tran Dinh Thanh Lam, as presented in the Borneo Post March 25,2010, that salinisation threathens crops in the Mekong Delta. The Mekong Delta is Vietnam's rice bowl, producing half of its annual rice output. In the last decade, the dry season seems to have been coming earlier each year, and then last longer. The salt water from South China sea intruded to the Delta during this prolong dry spell, as far as 30 km inland.
Many suspect that dams that built by China, on the Mekong river upstream have contributed to the lower water level downstream. However, a top official from China is quoted saying they were not to be blame for the water level low record in the waterway, where more water infrastructure are still need to be built.

Info about Bt. Lupar Basin

2010-02-07T00:06:00.000-08:00

Hydrological Map:

Source: DID Sarawak

Info about Sg. Baram Basin

2010-02-07T00:01:00.000-08:00

Hydrological Map:

Source: DID Sarawak

Info on climate change

2010-02-06T23:51:00.000-08:00

Limiting warming to two degree Celcius was recommended as one of the commitment on the December 2009, Copenhagen Accord.
As of 1st February 2010, among the 194 member nations of UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), fifty five (55) nations have registered their commitment to combat global warming. The number was increased to over 100 countries in late February. China and India are yet to say if they will associate or not. However, according to Yvo de Boer, the head of UN climate change secretariat, both China and India together with about 60 other countries, heve submitted plans or targets on the actions they plan to take.
A UNEP conerence of environment minister and officials from more than 135 countries was held in Bali, Nusa Dua in February 2010. An independent board of scientists will be appointed to review the world's top climate change panel, which have been accused for exaggerated the pace of melt of Himalayan glaciers. This month (February 2010) the panel has also admitted that the report also overstated how much of the Netherlands is below sea level. The latest, fourth Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report was published in 2007 and next is due in 2014. It is hope that the issue will be close on the next plenary session of IPCC in October 2010, in South Korea. See this UNEP website for complete information. http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=612&ArticleID=6482&l=en

Info about Sg. Sarawak

2010-02-06T21:21:00.000-08:00

Hydrological Map of Sg. Sarawak

Source: DID Sarawak

Internet Explorer 8: Videos

2010-01-24T00:09:00.000-08:00

Internet Explorer 8: Videos

Capacity Development for Integrated River Basin Management in Indonesia with special reference to Central Kalimantan

2009-10-10T23:51:00.000-07:00

Abstract

River basins sustain ecosystems, which are the main source of water for living and socio-economic development. On the other hand, integrated management refers to various essential management aspects to achieve a sustainable development of river basins. It includes the management of water demand and supply, upstream-downstream linkages, water and land resources development, as well as preserving and restoring the freshwater ecosystem. In this context the Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM), as an alternative and more effective approach to the common fragmented practices, is a concept that is receiving increasing attention. Managing changes from fragmented practices to an integrated approach is a paramount undertaking that a country should anticipated in managing its river basins. These changes in management concept required a capacity development at national level, down to the river basin level. Indonesia, like many other countries, has been gradually implementing capacity development since the early 1990s as part of its policy, strategies, and institutional reformed in water resources development and management. The whole Indonesia has been divided into 90 river basins, and currently they are in the various stages of the capacity development. Hence, it is providing opportunity for the less developed one for learning from the other river basins that more developed. This paper is an attempt to explore the capacity development progress of integrated management for river basins in Indonesia, and at the same time enabling to draw a pathway that need to be taken in managing river basins in Central Kalimantan.

Keywords: river basin, integrated management, capacity development

Integrated River Basin Management

A River Basin, Watershed, or Catchment is the geographic area from which water drains to a particular stream, river or body of water. The hilltops and ridges define the boundaries of a river basin. The river basin includes the ponds, wetlands and streams that store surface waters and is shaped by the fields, hills, valleys and towns which characterize its landscape.
It is also a community of people, plants and animals which rely on rainfall and the storage capability of that river basin to supply their water needs. A change in the river basins affects all living condition. As such, River Basin sustains ecosystems, which are the main source of water for living and socio-economic development. On the other hand, integrated management in the river basins refers to various essential management aspects to achieve a sustainable development of river basins. It includes the management of water demand and supply, upstream-downstream linkages, water and land resources development, as well as preserving and restoring the freshwater ecosystem. Hence, and also referring to the definition of Integrated Water Resources Management by Global Water Partnership, the Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) can be defined as “The process of coordinating conservation, management and development of water, land and related resources within the river basins in order to maximize the resultant economic and social benefits in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems” [1]. Integrated river basin management is the implementation of integrated water resources management (IWRM) in a country, by applying river basins as a regional unit for the purpose of water resources planning and management.
The four guiding principles as stated in the 1992 Dublin Statement and Conference Report for a holistic, comprehensive, across sectors approach to water resources problems worldwide were as follows [1]:
• Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resources, essential to sustain life, development, and the environment;
• Water development and management should be based on a participatory approach, involving users, planners, and policy makers at all levels;
• Women play a central part in the provision, management, and safe guarding of water; and
• Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be recognized as an economic good.

Capacity Development Initiatives for Water Resources Sector Reformed

Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM), as an alternative and more effective approach to the common fragmented practices, is a concept that is receiving increasing attention. Managing changes from fragmented practices to an integrated approach is a paramount undertaking that a country should anticipated in managing its river basins. These changes in management concept required a capacity development at national level, for an Integrated Water Resources Management, and down to the river basin level for an Integrated River Basin Management. Indonesia, like many other countries, has been gradually implementing capacity development since the early 1990s as part of its policy, strategies, and institutional reformed in water resources development and management.
There are a range of definitions, both of capacity and capacity development. One of the simplest and most effective definitions of capacity comes from UNDP that capacity is the ability of individuals and organizations to perform functions effectively, efficiently and sustainable. Capacity is thus seen as the ability to do the right things in the right way and for the long term. The focus is not just on capacity to perform day to day tasks (the core functions) but also to look to the future, taking a strategic view of goals and overall objectives, and how these might change over time. Originally termed "capacity building", the prefer term for this process has now change to "capacity development", which reflects a change in approach from external actions and physical activities to internal process of growing and evolving, which is more in keeping with contemporary trends and approaches. The framework for capacity development, as has been confirmed by ICID (International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage), suggests capacity development needs to be addressed at four domains as shown in Figure 1 that consist of enabling environment, Organizations, Individuals, and cross cutting theme of Knowledge management [2].

Figure 1 Domain of capacity development

World population by 2050 and Water Resources Issues

2009-03-21T20:18:00.000-07:00

According to UN estimates that release in March 11th, 2009 the worlds population was projected to exceed nine billion in 2050, up from 6.8 this year and seven billion early in 2012. The additional 2.3 billion are mostly in the developing world, which was estimated to increase from 5.6 billion this year to 7.9 billion in 2050. During the same period population in the developed nations was estimated to rise from 1.23 billion to 1.28 billion. This estimate figure included the projected net immigration that are coming from developing countries at a rate of 2.4 million persons annually from 2009 to 2050. Within the developing countries population for 49 least developed countries is going to be doubled from 0.84 billion to 1.7 billion, while for the rest of third would its population is increasing from 4.8 billion to 6.2 billion during the same period.
It should be noted tht the most probable scenario of future direction of fertility rates are its declines from 2.56 children per women in 2005 - 2010 to 2.02 children per women in 2045 - 2050. However, slowing population growth by reduction of fertility rates leads to population aging.
The 5th World Water Forum, which was held in Istambul from 16 to 22 March 2009, among others addressing around 880 million people that currently without decent source of drinking water, while 2.5 billion people do not have access to proper sanitation. This report from Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, also stated that by 2030 the number of people living under severe water stress is expected to rise to 3.9 billion, only due to the increase of world population. According to UN's Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) farming accounts for 70% of water use is a huge amount that need to be addressed. All these issues have been debated over water should be considered as a fundamental "right" or a "need". Other burning issue, as mentioned by the Indonesian minister of public works, is that South East Asia were already beginning to be affected by climate change, which was affecting rainfall pattern, and harvests. Recently, severe water related disasters have occured in high intensity.

Flood is a social problem

2009-01-10T16:56:00.000-08:00

Flood is a social problem and should be solved as an integrated flood management. Technical or engineering approached, through the construction of civil engineering (physical) infrastructures, only give a partial solurion. Mathematical modeling couple with geographic information and communication technology is a tool for integrated flood management, including flood fighting (real time), planning, and development.

Study on River Inventory and Monitoring Programme in Sarawak River

2008-12-06T17:45:00.000-08:00

A memorandum of understanding (MoU) was signed in December 1st, 2008, between Sarawak River Board (SRB) and Usains Holding Sdn Bhd for Study on Inventory and Monitoring Programme. The study is a year long that focus on Sarawak River, amongst others to enhance the telemetry system, and it will cost Rm 300,000. According to Dr. Stephen Rundi Utom, the Chairman of SRB, budget for study is a federal finance from the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. It is expected that more finance will be available for other big rivers in Sarawak.

Detailed information on the project components were elaborated by Dr. Lai Sai Hin from the River Engineering and Urban Drainage Research ( REDAC, one of research center from University Sains Malaysia) as follows:

To monitor and give warning on river polluting activities, such as illegal dumping
To create a river profile for navigational and sediment control, and connect it with a digital network at the SRB headquarters.
To develop a network for advance warning in an emergency by giving info on water level and warning of flood
A River Information Centre (RIC) would be set up for public to seek information and data on Sarawak's rivers.

Source: The Borneo Post, Tuesday, December 2, 2008.

Water ResourcesDevelopment Studies in Sarawak

2008-11-16T04:51:00.000-08:00

Inventory of water resources development studies in Sarawak:

Miri-Bintulu Regional Planning Study (1977)
Kuching Urban and Regional Master Plan Study (1974)
Bintulu Regional Master Plan Study (1977)
Prefeasibility Study for Limbang Valley River Basin (1979)
Master Plan for Power System Development (1980)
Feasibility Report – Samarahan River Basin Development (1981)
National Water Resources Study (1982)
Bakun Hydro-Electric Project – Feasibility Report (1983)
Master Plan Study for Sewerage and Drainage System for Bintulu and its Environs (1984)
Feasibility Study for the Master Plan for Rural Water Supply Coastal Region of Sarawak (1986)
Plan Study for Coastal and Riverine Transport in Sarawak (1990)
Sarawak Water Resources Study Projects (1995)
Sebangan Bajong Agricultural Development Project, Preliminary Design Report Volume 1 – 5, Government of Malaysia (1995)
Miri Town Drainage Master Plan Study, DID (1996)
Feasibility Study for a Multi Purpose Dam on Sungai Sarawak Kiri, Final Report, Kuching Water Board (1996)
Bakun Hydroelectric Project – Green Energy for the Future, Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister’s Department, Malaysia (1996)
Kuching Water Supply Masterplan Study 1995 – 2000. Final Report, Kuching Water Board (1997).
Urban Drainage Master Plan Study for Sibu Town, DID (1998)
Kuching City Drainage Master Plan Study, DID (2000).
Planning and Development of Sungai Maong Catchment Kuching (2000)
Sg Sarawak Flood Mitigation Options Study, DID (2003)
Assessment of the Current Water Resources Availability and Demand/ Consumption for the States of Sabah and Sarawak (2006).
Sarawak Inland Waterway Transport System Study, UNDP/Sarawak Rivers Board (2008).
The Sarawak Integrated Water Resources Management Master Plan Study, Working Draft (2008).
Report on Supplementary Studies for Bengoh Dam, Jabatan Kerja Raya Sarawak, KTA (Sarawak) Sdn Bhd in Association with Halcrow Limited (2009)

Integrated Water Resource Management: How To Make It Works

2008-10-08T04:49:00.000-07:00

International seminar on sustainable management of water and land resources (Case study Central Kalimantan and DKI Jakarta, Indonesia)

The seminar held on August 25th - August 27th, 2008 by Christian University of Indonesia in Jakarta, Indonesia.

Download the pdf file below for the complete essay by Prof. F.J Putuhena

DOWNLOAD FILE

River Basins in Sarawak (Borneo)

2008-10-02T00:00:00.000-07:00

Map of Sarawak River Basins

Sarawak State is part of Borneo island and has been divided into 21 river basins, as follows:

Kayan, 1,645 km2

Sg. Sarawak, 2,375 km2

Samarahan, 1,090 km2

Sadong, 3,550 km2

Lupar, 6,510 km2

Saribas, 2,200 km2

Krian, 1,500 km2

Lower and Upper Rajang, 47,880 km2

Oya, 2,195 km2

Mukah, 2,275 km2

Balingian, 2,510 km2

Tatau, 5,260 km2

Kemena, 6,100 km2

Similajau, 660 km2

Suai, 1,540 km2

Niah, 1,280 km2

Sibuti, 1,020 km2

Baram, 22,930 km2

Limbang, 3,950 km2

Trusan, 2,615 km2

Lawas, 1,050 km2.

for more information please visit http://www.did.sarawak.gov.my/rbis

River Basins in Papua

2008-09-10T06:44:00.001-07:00

Papua Island at Indonesian side, which also called Irian Jaya has an area of 422,000 sq km. Currently it is divided into four river basins:

1. Wasi - Kale - Omb
2. Memberamo
3. Eilanden - Edera
4. Digul - Bikuma

Image of Papua from Google Earth

2008-09-10T06:31:00.000-07:00

River Basins in Sulawesi Island

2008-09-10T06:24:00.000-07:00

Sulawesi Island covers an area of 191,000 sq.km, which is divided into 17 river basins, as follows:

1. Ronowangko - Tondano
2. Bolango Bone
3. Randangan - Paguyaman
4. Bual - Lamburu
5. Parigi - Poso
6. Bongka - Malik
7. Lombok - Mantawa
8. Loa - Tambolako
9. Palu - Lariang
10. Lasolo - Sampora
11. Poleang - Roraya
12. Towari - Susuo
13. Kaluku - Karama
14. Pampangan - Kalaena - Larona
15. Sadang
16. Walanae - Cenranae
17. Jeneberang

Image of Sulawesi Island from Google Earth

2008-09-10T05:49:00.003-07:00

River Basins in Java Island

2008-09-09T13:47:00.000-07:00

River Basins in Java Island

The island of Java covers an area of about 132,590 km2, where roughly 60 percent of the island is cultivated for agricultural purposes, of which about 45 percent benefits from some form of irrigation.
It has been decided to divide island of Java up into 23 river basin subdivisions, where for each river basin three main topics are going to be considered: Survey of water resources; present day water consumption; and future water consumption 2005 – 2025.

River basin system / Area (km2)

1. Banten / 6.930 km2
1.1 Teluk lada / 3.760 km2
1.2. Banten / 3.170 km2
2. C.J.C / 7.650 km2
3. Jatiluhur / 10.800 km2
4. Cimanuk - Cisanggarung / 6.580 km2
4.1 Cimanuk / 4.420 km2
4.2 Cisanggarung / 2.160 km2
5. Pemali comal / 5.170 km2
6. Jratunseluna / 11.020 km2
6.1 Jratuseluna / 7.680 km2
6.2 Kuta - Bodri / 2.060 km2
6.3 Muria Utara / 1.280 km2
7. Bengawan Solo / 18.470 km2
7.1 Bengawan Solo / 16.100 km2
7.2 Lasem - Tuban / 2.370 km2
8. Brantas / 13.730 km2
9. Madura / 4.500 km2
10. Pekalen - Sampean / 14.080 km2
10.1 North PS / 5.310 km2
10.2 South PS / 8.770 km2
11. Jatim Selatan / 18.770 km2
12. Kali Progo / 4.870 km2
12.1 Progo / 3.400 km2
12.2 Opak - Oyo / 1.470 km2
13. Serayu - Kedu / 7.070 km2
13.1 Serayu / 3.700 km2
13.2 South Kedu / 3.370 km2
14. Citanduy / 4.460 km2
15. Jabar Selatan / 13.020 km2

Total 132590 km2

Image of Java Island from Google Earth

2008-09-09T12:19:00.000-07:00

River Basins in Kalimantan (Borneo)

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Kalimantan is part of Borneo island in Indonesia that covers an area of 539,500 sq km. The area is divided into 14 River Basins:

1. Cengal Batulicin
2. Barito
3. Kahayan
4. Mendawai
5. Sampit
6. Pembuang
7. Pawan
8. Kapuas
9. Mempawah - Sambas
10. Sesayap
11. Kayan
12. Kelci - Bercu
13. Karangan
14. Mahakam

Image of Kalimantan Island from Google Earth

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River Basins in Maluku Islands

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Maluku islands comprise of around thousand islands, small and large. The large islands are Halmahera, Seram, Buru and Wetar islands. Those 1000 islands with total areas of 75,000 sq.km, are grouped into three basins.

1. Basin of Wetar - Aru in the southern part
2. Basin of Seram - Buru in the middle
3. Basin of Halmahera in the northern part

Image of Maluku Islands from Google Earth

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River Basins in Sumatra Island

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Sumatera Island, which has a total area of 409,000 sq.km, has been devided into 30 river basins, as follow:

1. Krueng Aceh
2. Meureudu - Ureun
3. Pase - Peusangan
4. Jambu - Aye
5. Tamiyang - Langsa
6. Wolya - Lembesi
7. Singkulat - Tripa
8. Singkil
9. Wampu
10. Belawan
11. Bahbolon
12. Asahan
13. Barumun - Kualuh
14. Batang Toru - Batang Gadis - Natal
15. Rokan
16. Siak
17. Kampar
18. Indragiri
19. Silaut
20. Anal - Sualang
21. Batanghari
22. Sugihan
23. Baturusa - Cerucut
24. Mual
25. Mesuji - Tulang Bawang
26. Seputih - Sekampung
27. Semangka
28. Kanal - Alas - Talo
29. Lais - Bintuhan - Ketahun
30. Ibuh - Manjunto - Teramang

Average annual rainfall for the whole Sumatera island is estimated as 2,600 mm.

Image of Sumatra Island from Google Earth

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Pengembangan Sumberdaya Air (Water Resources Development)

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Bab I. Pengantar

1.1 Maksud dan Tujuan

Maksud pengembangan sumberdaya air, antara lain :

Memanfaatkan air sebaik- baiknya pada saat kekeringan
Mengendalikan pada saat kelebihan atau merusak
Memanfaatkan air kelebihan untuk musim-musim yang memerlukan, dan juga untuk wilayah sungai yang kering

Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut ditempatkan bangunan air di sungai atau sumber air lainnya, sedemikian rupa sehingga merubah kuantitas dan kualitas air sebagai berikut :

Merubah waktu datangnya air (waduk/bendungan, hujan buatan)
Mencocokkan tempat dan jumlah yang diperlukan (saluran, perpipaan, dll)
Merubah potensi tenaganya (turbin, pompa)
Merubah kualitas airnya (pusat penjernihan air)

Maksud dan tujuan apabila diperinci akan menghasilkan 14 (empat belas) unsur/elemen Pengembangan Sumber Air, yang masing-masing tujuan serta jenis atau tipe pekerjaan dan perlakuannya adalah seperti pada Tabel I.1.

Hydraulic Simulations

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Naturally, rain and spring water is drained from its catchment areas to the sea through a tributaries and main river system. However, to store and bring the water to the right place and at the right time, water storages and man made channels should be added to the river system. Together, the natural and man-made channels, create a hydrosystem that is able to support the water that is needed by the region for its development. A number of hydrosystem scenarios can be created, where hydraulic modeling is required to evaluate and understand the system's behaviour. Furthermore hydraulic simulations can be performed to look for an optimum solution in term of the least cost for providing a cumec of water or to fulfil other criteria.

Climate Change

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Climate change threatens food production, agriculture, water supply, as well as the existance of small islands, coral reefs, and wetlands. What are we going to do about it? Carbon trading is one way that has been seen as an important action, which every countries has to do in reducing the greenhouse gas pollution. Under the scheme that known as "cap and trade", each government sets an overall limit on the amount of carbon the economy can produce and provides permits to industry up to the nominated amount. A carbon intensive industry has to pay extra if they exceed their allocation.

Asia’s mega delta cities are of the most expose to the impact of climate change’s through the floods.

(Borneo-post, December 6, 2007)

In the first volume of a triple report on global warming, published in February 2007, the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) said see levels would climb between 18 and 59 centimeters by 2100.

According to OECD (December 2007), of 136 port cities assessed around the world for their exposure to once-in- a-century coastal flooding, 38 % are in Asia, and 27 % are located in deltas. Around 40 million people around the world are exposed to coastal flooding in the large port cities.

The top 10 cities most at risk, in terms of exposed population, are Mumbai, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Miami, Ho Chi Minh City, Kolkata, Greater New York, Osaka-Kobe, Alexandria, and New Orleans.

The total value of assets exposed in the 136 port cities analyzed is US$ 3,000 billion (three trillion) or around 5% of the global gross domestic product (GDP) in 2005

Miami, Greater New York, New Orleans, Osaka-Kobe, Tokyo, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Nagoya, Tampa-St. Petersburg (Florida), and Virginia Beach (Virginia), are the most valuable pieces of real estate at risk.

Water Disputes in Malaysia

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Interstate water transfer is like no body's concern in a country like Malaysia, where water resources management in under State Governments. This is a serius matter for States that has shortage of water resources, and Federal Government should be able to provide solution whenever needed.
In the case where two or more states sharing water from the same river, the role of Federal Government or National Water Council as coordinating body is obvious. One example in Malaysia is Kedah and Penang States that sharing Sungai Muda. Most of the water is generated from Kedah, and the downstream stretch of the river appears as the border between Kedah and Penang (Seberang Prai). Four Dams are storing the river water in Kedah (Pedu, Ahning, Muda, and Beris). What is the sharing formula for water utilization that can be accepted by both States?

River Basins in Indonesia

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Integrated Water Resources Management: How to make it works.

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ABSTRACT

Water resources development should be managed effectively for a sustainable regional development. Changing in management from fragmented to an integrated approach is recommended as a necessary undertaking. Changes will likely be wide-ranging, include institutions and policies at national, states, and river basin level, technology and infrastructure, and financial mechanisms. The areas requiring change, amongst others include: The role of the state in water resources development, management and use; Systems to reconciling water quantity and quality needs of all water users; and institutional reform and development to improve the effectiveness of management agencies. These changes in management required a capacity development at national level down to the river basin level. River basin has to be treated as a unit that should be consider for every development and management activities. Certain principles should be adopted, and the right instruments should be carefully selected in reaching the above objectives. This paper discussed all the requirements and exposed Indonesian cases that can be used as the learning examples, and at the same time come up with its recommendations that would allow the integrated approach to be applied.

PRINCIPLES OF INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

Integrated water resources management (IWRM) is an approach towards an end, rather than an end in itself. An IWRM approach seeks to address a country’s key water-related development problems—water for health, for food, for energy, for environment—more effectively and efficiently than is possible using traditional (fragmented) approaches. It seeks to avoid the lives lost, the money wasted, and the natural capital depleted because of fragmented decision making about developing and managing water resources that did not take into account the larger ramifications of sectoral actions. It aims to ensure that current demands for water are met without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to meet theirs. Overall, it seeks to advance a country’s social and economic development goals in ways that do not compromise the sustainability of vital ecosystems.

The four guiding principles as stated in the 1992 Dublin Statement and Conference Report for a holistic, comprehensive, multidiciplinary approach to water resources problems world wide are as follows:

Fresh water is a finite and vulneral resources, essential to sustain life, development, and the environment
Water development and management should be based on a participatory approach, involving users, planners, and policy makers at all levels
Women play a central part in the provision, management, and safe guarding of water
Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be recognised as an economic good

The best approach for implementing IWRM is through applying river basin as a geographical or physical unit of water resources assessment. Hence, the country should apply the Basin Water Resources Management Plan for every river basins within its jurisdiction. IWRM as adopted from Global Water Partnership is “The process of coordinating conservation, management and development of water, land and related resources in order to maximize the economic and social benefits in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems "[1]

CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT FOR MANAGING CHANGES IN WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

Managing changes from fragmented approach to an integrated approach as guiding by the above four principles is a paramount undertaking that a country should anticipated. These changes in management required a capacity development at national level down to the river basin level. There are a range of definitions, both of capacity and capacity development. One of the simplest and most effective definitions of capacity comes from UNDP that capacity is the ability of individuals and organizations to perform functions effectively, efficiently and sustainable. Capacity is thus seen as the ability to do the right things in the right way and for the long term. The focus is not just on capacity to perform day to day tasks (the core functions) but also to look to the future, taking a strategic view of goals and overall objectives, and how these might change over time. Originally termed "capacity building", the prefer term for this process has now change to "capacity development", which reflects a change in approach from external actions and physical activities to internal process of growing and evolving, which is more in keeping with contemporary trends and approaches. The framework for capacity development, as confirmed from the earlier work of ICID (International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage), suggests capacity development needs to be addressed at four domains:

• Enabling environment;
• Organisations;
• Individuals; and
• Knowledge Management

The fourth one was added as recent ICID's work has suggested a cross cutting theme of Knowledge Management to three domains of previous capacity building activities, see Figure 1 [2]

At the river basin level, the capacity development initiatives for managing changes should be able to create a Basin Water Institution/Organization, and produced Basin Water Resources Management Plan that accommodate the interest of all stakeholders. Furthermore, as the conditions of river basins within a country are varied, benchmarking is recommended for further development of a river basin.

Figure 1 Domain of capacity development
Source [2]

INDONESIAN EXPERIENCED TOWARDS IWRM

Multipurpose Dam as an early development of Integrated Approach

In a country like Indonesia, where the climate is affected by seasonal monsoon with two distinguished dry and wet seasons, the need for resevoirs is obvious. This requirements for reservoirs bring the modern technology in water resources development into Indonesia by the construction of the Jatiluhur multipurpose dam. Although the study had been carried out during the Dutch colonial time, this first dam construction in Indonesia were done by the French and Indonesian engineers in the late 1950s, and has been in operation since 1967. The Jatiluhur multipurpose dam is for hydropower, irrigation, and domestic water supply. The irrigation area is located in the downstream area of several river basins in northern part of Java island from the Cipunegara river in the east to the Bekasi River in west. The domestic water supply is for Jakarta city and its surrounding areas.

Even though it is not fulfilling all the Dublin principles, the Jatiluhur dam construction, to some extend was the first and early developement of an integrated approach in the river basin development in Indonesia.

In Java island, the most densely populated in Indonesia, where more than half of Indonesian population live, more reservoirs are needed for supplying water in the dry season.

In 1959, the overall Brantas River Basin Development Plan in East Java were proposed, and a series of 6 (six) multipurpose Dams and 1 (one) dam for hydropower generation were built in the early 1960s until early 1990s. Multipurpose Dams were also built in South Kedu River Basin, Solo River Basin, and Jratunseluna River Basin.

River Basin as a unit for IWRM

Recognizing the important of one river basin one plan for an integrated approach, the whole Indonesia were divided into 90 river basins through a Ministery Regulation from Department of Public Works (Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum) No.48/PRT/1990 tentang PSDA (Pengembangan Sumber Daya Air or in English "Water Resources Development"). The 90 river basins are shown in Figure below.

This is a move towards water resources management of the whole country through river basin as a physical unit of water resources development and management.

The river basins in Indonesia can be categories into 3 groups:

River basins in big islands like: Sumatera, Jawa, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Irian Jaya
River basins in medium islands like: Bali, West Nusatenggara Islands, East Nusatenggara Islands, and Maluku islands
River basins in small islands, i.e. the rest of Indonesian's islands which are not included in both Big and Medium islands.

Furher to the above categories, and take into account the socio-economic conditions, intensity of water resources development, and also the conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water; at some places, the whole island should be treated as a unit for its water resources development. The examples to this conditions are Java, Bali, Lombok, and some small islands like Ambon island, and Rote island.

Variation in River basin characteristics in Indonesia and its current status of development

Capacity development initiatives for water resources sector reform towards IWRM

In response to the problems in water resources development and management in the early 1990s, the government began the policy, strategy, and institutional reforms in multi-sector water resources planning, development, and management. The key government initiatives for this water resources sector reforms were put into capacity development activities, which were designed to include [5]:

(i) The elevation of water resources from a sub-sector to a sector;

(ii) the restructuring of Directorate General of Water Resources Development (DGWRD) to make it more responsive to the needs of water stakeholders in the provinces and river basins;

(iii) The proclamation of DGWRD’s new Policy and Strategy on Water Resources Development, which clearly defined its commitment to integrate river basin development and management;

(iv) The decentralization of management, administrative, and functional activities in the water resources sector to provinces, districts, and river basin organizations;

(v) The establishment and strengthening of multisectoral water resources management committees in the provinces and river basins;

(vi) The implementation of the Clean Rivers Program of the National Environmental Agency, and DGWRD’s pilot water quality monitoring projects; and

(vii) The launching of DGWRD’s programs for efficient irrigation system operation and maintenance, improved water management, beneficiary participation, and public-private partnership in the water sector.

Currently, DGWRD has been changed into Directorate General of Water Resources

In 1997, the monetary crisis that hit many Asian countries and particularly Indonesia induced some set backs on the capacity development activities. A review of the various components and elements delayed and had to reschedule remaining activities. The monetary crisis, however, accelerated the discussions and the actions on the implementation of the decentralization process of central government tasks and responsibilities to the regions. Since then, the government’s institutional reforms have been aiming for sustainable development and an effective, efficient, and accountable government. The main objective has been set for changing the government from “provider” of goods and services to “enabler” the community to mobilize its own capacity for solving problems. For example is to increase the role of the community in development and operation of irrigation schemes. The second objective has been set for decentralizing the Government decisions and finances to provinces and districts (kabupatens), which enacted in two laws (UU 22 and 25) in 1999.

In the year 2004, the reforms and capacity development activities produced the new Law of Water Resources (UU 7/2004), which was endorsed by the parliament (DPR) on February 19, 2004, to replace the UU 11/1974 [6]. The new water resources law is consistent with IWRM principles, and hence provides a legal environment that enabling the process of integrating water resources development and management activities. It creates an environment for non-government organizations, business, individual citizen, and communities to participate in the process of planning and implementation of water resources management. Along with its social function, the economic function of water also have its place in the law, as all users are to bear the cost of water resources management services. Exception is given to those, whose water use is considered a basic need (e.g. farmers with holding up to 2 ha irrigation field).

In the organisation domain of capacity development, the new law stipulates the need for water resources councils, whose main tasks are to prepare and formulate water resources management policy and strategies. The councils as coordinating institutions are to have members that consist of government elements and non-government elements. Non-government representatives would include experts in the field of water resources, water user community organizations, self-supporting water resources community organizations, and professional association in the field of water resources.

At provincial levels, coordination is to be carried out by water resources councils established by Provincial Government. A water resources council or other coordination facility may be established by the District/Municipality to implement the coordination at district/town level. At basin level, a basin water resources council or other coordination facility can be established according to the need of the related water resources area management. The working relations between water resources councils or coordination facility at national level, provincial level, district/town level and river basin level are consultative and coordinative in nature.

Ensuring that IWRM will be conducted properly, each river basin should have a Basin Policy or Strategy (Pola) reflecting the development and management views of all basin stakeholders through a public consultation process. The government responsible for River Basin Management in given basins must determine a Basin Water Resources Management Plan (BWRMP) for the river basins under their responsibility. The BWRMP must be based on the water resources policy and should express all basic principles of the UU 7/2004. A BWRMP for every river basin is to be broken down into development and management programs related to water resources management by government agencies, private sectors, and the community. The community has the right to express their objections to the draft of a BWRMP and the draft should be revised to take into account community and stakeholder objections.

A Master Plan of Water Resources Management represents long term (15-25 year) plan, which contains main points of a program for water resources conservation and utilization, as well as control of water damaging power, has to be carried out in an integrated manner. It is to be reviewed and evaluated every five years and, before the draft or later changes are decreed, public consultation must be carried out according to standard procedures. A Master Plan of Water Resources Management which has been decreed is to be included as part of a strategic plan of every related sector and as one of the elements in the preparation, review and or improvement of the related regional spatial plan.

The activities at individual domain of capacity development are required to increase the ability of local stakeholders, legislators, and politicians because they are now involve in the decision making process for an integrated water resources management, as mentioned above. This element of capacity development is concerned with developing the knowledge, understanding, skills, and abilities of individuals to perform their roles within their given organizational structure. In this case, the capacity development is required in civil society awareness, performance or accountability, and better governance in the water sector. On the other hand, professionals at Ministry of Public Works would require retraining and retooling to better deal with their new challenges. This is due to the centralized functions and budgetary responsibilities of water resources development and management, which are traditionally under the Ministry of Public Works, now shifting to kabupatens and provinces. Further more, in an integrated approach, in addition to the main water institutions, mandates and tasks of other line agencies of the government and ministries (e.g., Environment, Agriculture, Forestry and Home Affairs) should be coordinated with those in the water sector. This will require a comprehensive capacity development program, where capacities of individual continue to be important.

Competency and task oriented training, the development of local training capacity and adaptation of formal and informal educational programs in local institutes and universities are key actions to accommodate the short, medium and long-term needs of the water sector agencies. The modernity and strength of the local educational and training systems are strategic instruments in the future development of the public sector. Universities, Research and Study Centres, and other Knowledge Centres (Capacity Builders) as national human resources development instrument have a strategic role to play. At the moment, most of the capacity builders are still following supply-oriented instead of demand-oriented practices in knowledge transfer. In addition, integration and cross sectoral concepts, strategic thinking skills, although not new, are still not systematically included in the national curricula.

Taking the strategic role of capacity builders in nation capacity development into consideration, it is obvious that the key is strengthening the capacities of capacity builders: Capacity development of the Capacity Builders. Development in Information and Communication Technology introduces new ways of collaboration through the Internet at national and international level. It is believed that creating and nurturing a dynamic network of capacity builders is the first essential step towards a sustainable mechanism of knowledge management, that comprise of knowledge generation, sharing and dissemination throughout the nation.

In June 2005, a Collaborative Knowledge Network consisting of national Capacity Builders has been formally set up as initial part of continuing capacity development process, where the members can collaborate to support and provide future capacity building interventions in the regions. In this way, it is allowing the knowledge and capacities to be decentralized to the regions, through participation of regional capacity builders in a sustainable and dynamic way. It was agreed to name the new network Collaborative Knowledge Network Indonesia or CKNet-INA. The first members of CKNet-INA are [7]:

Sumatra: Andalas University (UNAND) - Padang

Jakarta: University of Indonesia (UI) - Jakarta

University Bina Nusantara (BINUS) - Jakarta

West Java: Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB) - Bandung

Parahyangan Catholic University (UNPAR) - Bandung

Central Java: Diponegoro University (UNDIP) - Semarang

Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University (UGM) - Yogyakarta

East Java: Institute of Technology Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) - Surabaya

Merdeka University (UNMER) - Malang

South Sulawesi: Hasanuddin University (UNHAS) – Makassar

As there are many approaches that has been experienced and observed, both within public and private organizations, about how to handle a knowledge network, the CKNet INA development are going to be reviewed from time to time in the following aspects [8]:

• addressing knowledge needs;

• delivering results; and

• managing the network process.

It is shown above that in Indonesia since early 1990s, the water resources sector reforms has continuously been implemented, through capacity development initiatives, which eventually addressing the four domains of enabling environment, organizations, individuals, and cross cutting knowledge management. In Indonesia the water resources capacity development program is known as Water Sector Adjustment Program (WASAP), and it is consistent with principles of integrated water resources management.

Implementation of Basin Water Resources Development and Management

The river basins in Indonesia can be categories into 3 groups:

· River basins in big islands like: Sumatera, Jawa, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Irian Jaya
· River basins in medium islands like: Bali, West Nusatenggara Islands, East Nusatenggara Islands, and Maluku islands, which like Bali, the size is more than 5000 sq. km.
· River basins in small islands, i.e. the rest of Indonesian's islands which are not included in both Big and Medium islands.

Further to the above categories, and take into account the socio-economic conditions, intensity of water resources development, and also the conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water; at some places, the whole island should be treated as a unit for its water resources development. The examples to these conditions are Java, Bali, Lombok, and some small islands like Ambon, and Rote.

In line with the new water resources law, the Ministrial Regulation, “PERMEN PU No. 48/PRT/1990” concerning river basin development was changed by Permen PU No. 11A/PRT/M/2006 about criteria and delineation of river basins for water resources development in Indonesia. With the new regulation there are five categories of river basins in Indonesia [9]:
· International Trans-boundary river basins
· Inter Provincial river basins
· Strategic river basins
· Inter District/Municipality river basins
· River Basins within a District/Municipality.

As mention before some of the river basins has been developed since the first multi-purpose dam was built in Indonesia (Jatiluhur dam) and in operation since 1967, while many river basins are still under development. In this case, the river basin stakeholders should know the condition of its river basin and make a planning for continuous improvement by benchmarking to other appropriate river basins. A checklist can be developed in order to know the condition of a river basin, for example:
· Is there an organisation at the basin level?
· What kind of investment has been put in the river basin?
· Is there a network of hydrological data collection?
· Whether a master plan for river basin development has been formulated?
· What kind of activities that stakeholders have been involved?
· Whether a masterplan for river basin management has been agreed by all stake holders?
· Which river basins are taken for benchmarking?
· etc.

As for the Jakarta and its surrounding areas (Jabotabek), the river basins are covering Cisadane-Ciliwung-Citarum river basins. The source of raw water for industrial and domestic water supply are taken from Cisadane river basin in the west and Citarum river basin in the east, as well as Ciliwung basin in the middle. Groundwater source has been heavily used, and it causing the land subsidence and salt water intrusion. Concerning flood damage, beside the high intensity of rainfall, much the flooded area is due to the overflow from Ciliwung River and other 12 small river basins flowing through city of Jakarta. The condition is getting worst if the flood occurs in coincidence with the high tide. Three multi-purpose dams have been built, and no other dam-sites are at the moment feasible for constructions. Other structural flood mitigation approach has been exhaustedly implemented, and the other option left is the non-structural approached, which is in line with current strategy of flood risk management rather than flood prevention. Flood risk management, a concept known in Indonesia, covers a wide range of non-structural measures next to structural measures. The road towards non-structural measures is one of collaboration and coordination between many parties, where communication plays a key role. The communication is for:
Building up the understanding of government’s current flood management and its implementation complexity;
Communities’ awareness that being prepared and taking pre-cautionary measures will substantially reduce flood damage and casualties.
The Communities to become inspired and willing to prepare community-based self-help programs to become better prepared and less vulnerable to floods.

Thus, for Jakarta the capacity development has also reached the cross cutting domain of knowledge management, that is for generating the knowledge, which are needed; and for delivering results (communication). Currently, there is a project called the “Dutch assistance with nonstructural measures Jakarta Flood Management (JFM)”. The JFM Project was started in May 2007. The Netherlands Water Partnership (NWP) took the initiative to bring together Dutch companies for technical assistance. The project is funded by Partners for Water/EVD of the Netherlands [10].

In contrast with Jakarta, river basins in Central Kalimantan are still under developing. In 1996, an ambitious project to anticipate rice shortage was started. The project, as stated in the Presidential Decree Number 82 year 1995 was to develop one million hectares peat land for agriculture areas (see Figure 3 for the project location). The total area of 1.119 million hectares was divided into four working regions, i.e.: Region A covers 227.100 ha, region B covers 161.480 ha, region C covers 568,635 ha, and region D covers 162,278 ha. The rest of the areas, 337,607 ha were reserved for conservation (see Figure 4). Due to the monetary crisis in 1997, and many other reasons the project could not be continue, and causing an ecological disaster. In 2002, the government came up with an Integrated Action Plan to rehabilitate the project area, and slowly the rehabilitation activities have been progressing. In March 2007, a Presidential Instruction was issued (INPRES No.2 tahun 2007) for accelerating the rehabilitation and revitalization of Peat land project area in Central Kalimantan [11].

If in Java, the multi-purpose dams were the driving force for an integrated approach, in Kalimantan the driving force will be the sustainable peat-land development. The Peat land development should be planned carefully due to its global climate change impact. Here the peat-land development should be integrated with the river basin, urban, and rural development. In this case, benchmarking with other river basins in Sumatera is more likely, as well as with the basins in Kalimantan itself.

This is further step to improve your river basin, that is to know the condition of other river basins, especially those that going to be taken as benchmark. In this paper, Singapore is considered as a country, as well as an island, where Integrated Water Resources Management has successfully been implemented.
Singapore, a city state, faces 5 key challenges in water resource management,those are: protecting its water resources, processing safe drinking water in a cost-effective manner, minimizing wastage in water supply system, water conservation, and closing the water loop. Singapore has faced up to these five challenges through a comprehensive integrated water resource management programme; and has achieved 100% access to basic sanitation as well as safe drinking water for the population.

The success of the IWRM programme can be attributed to the efforts of all sectors of the population; from the political will and infrastructure provided by the government, the collective commitment of the community, to the technological expertise and innovation from the private sector.

References

[1] TAC Background Papers, No.4 (2000). Integrated Water Resources Management. Global Water Partnership, Stockholm, Sweden

[2] T. Franks, C. Garces-Restepo, and F. Putuhena (2008). Developing Capacity for Agricultural Water Management: Current Practice and Future Directions. The Journal of the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage, Vol. 57.3: p255 -267.

[3] Indonesian National Committee on Large Dams (1986). Dams in Indonesia. Jakarta, Indonesia.

[4] Directorate General of Water Resources Development (1993). 25 years water resources development in Indonesia (1969 to 1993). Jakarta, Indonesia.

[5] Republic of Indonesia, Department of Public Works, Directorate General of Water Resources Development (1996). Capacity Building Project for the Water Resources Sector: Project Administration Document. Asian Development Bank.

[6] Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia No. 32 (2004). Undang Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 7 tahun 2004 tentang Sumber Daya Air. Jakarta, Indonesia.

[7] Ferry J. Putuhena and J.T.L. Yap (2005). A Collaborative knowledge network as an instrument for Capacity Development in Indonesia. Workshop Proceedings on Design and Implementation of Capacity Development Strategies p17 - 25. Beijing, China.

[8] Carel Keuls (2008). Knowledge Network Development in Water Resources and Irrigation Management: The case of CKnet – INA in Indonesia. The Journal of the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage, Vol. 57.3: p341 – 353.

[9] http://sda.pu.go.id/hukum visit August 19,2008

[10] Suan Tie Pwa and Evelyn G. Keetelaaar (2007). Dutch assistance with non-structural measures Jakarta Flood Management: Executive Summary. Jakarta Flood Team, Jakarta, Indonesia

[11] Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Air (2008). Profil Balai Wilayah Sungai Kalimantan II. Jakarta, Indonesia.

[12] http://www.unep.org/GC/GCSS-VIII/Singapore.IWRM.pdf visit: August 19, 2008.

SUNGAI SARAWAK BARRAGE AS A CRITICAL STRUCTURE TO SAFE GUARD KUCHING CITY OF SARAWAK STATE, MALAYSIA

2008-07-04T08:54:00.000-07:00

Kuching city of the Sarawak State, Malaysia is located on a flat alluvial plain 30 km away from the sea. The city is divided to north and south parts by the tidal Sungai Sarawak. The low-lying city is vulnerable to high tides, where the city had experienced recorded spring tides as high as 6 m. The worst scenario of flooding happens when high runoff from the upstream catchments coincided with high tides from the downstream. In 1998, a barrage is established near estuary to protect the city. The structure is the property of the State Government under the care of Sarawak Rivers Board, but the operation is managed by a private contractor. The Sungai Sarawak Barrage has been in operation for 10 years and it is increasingly playing critical roles as a center of flood management for the region. The operation team extensively regulates and maintains the quality hydrological data of the river system with its telementry system. Recently, it functions also as a flood warning center entrusted by the State Government to act first-handly in the case of flood emergency. The experience of public-private partnership of the barrage management that warrants its successful implementation for a decade in Kuching is something useful to be learnt.

Rice shortage

2008-05-09T20:51:00.000-07:00

Pointers for the rice shortage, in several countries, especially in Asean:

World price of rice increase continously, and had force countries to reduce their imported rice. For example, Malaysia had imported about 300,000 tonnes of rice in the past four months, since January 2008, that is 40% reduction of the common level of imported rice.
Private millers (control 55% of local rice market in Malaysia) may have reduced their production in expectation that local price may also increase significantly.

The Performance Indicators Used for Monitoring and Evaluation of Capacity Development Activities for the Irrigation Management Program in Indonesia.

2007-11-27T05:15:00.000-08:00

By:
F.J. Putuhena and Agus S. Kusmulyono

Abstract

The Government of Indonesia (GoI), since the monitory crisis in 1997, has been dealing with institutional reforms, aiming at sustainable development and an effective, efficient, and accountable Government. The main objective is to change the Government from “provider” of goods and services to “enabler” the community to mobilize its own capacity for solving problems. In this case is to increase the role of the community in development and operation of irrigation schemes. The second objective is to decentralize the Government decisions and finances to provinces and districts (kabupatens), which enacted in two laws (UU 22 and 25) in 1999. The Capacity Development undertaking is the first phase of three phase’s long-term program under the World Bank’s Adjustable Program Loan (APL) that is going to be separately appraised. Progress to the subsequent phase is conditional on the Borrower having completed the agreed institutional and policy benchmarks for each preceding phase. The first phase lasting about 3.5 years (2005 – 2009), would assist the GoI and the regional governments to develop the capacity development program in twelve provinces and their eligible kabupatens. This paper discuss the performance indicators that were selected and used for monitoring and evaluating the input required, implementation activities, output produced, and development objectives achievements, as stated in the program’s logframe.