basin water blog

4.1 Introduction The logical framework approach (LFA) was first adopted by U.S. AID in the early 1970s. The framework provides a set of designing tools that, when used creatively, can be used for planning, designing, implementing and evaluating projects (the entire project cycle). The purpose of LFA is to undertake participatory, objectives-oriented planning that spans the life of project or policy work to build stakeholder's team commitment and capacity, through a series of workshops. The technique requires stakeholders to come together in a series of workshops to set priorities and plan for implementation and monitoring. This achieved by structuring the main elements of project in a matrix (the logical framework) which summarizes the project, highlighting logical linkages between intended inputs, planned activities and expected results and records the underlying assumption. See Figure 4.1, for the content of framework matrix and how to read the LFA. 4.2 Steps in Logic

3.1 Project costs and benefits Planning can be defined as the orderly consideration of a project from the original statement of purpose through the evaluation of alternatives to final decision on a course of action. River Basin Planning is applying the concept of city or regional master plan, which attempts to define the most desirable future growth pattern for an area. Forecasting of the future conditions are essential (Planning Horizon), and the evaluation of alternatives is conducted by applying the principle of engineering economy, where ever applicable. In response to the economic objectives, data on benefits and costs is required. The time value of money should be represented through an appropriate discount rate. Not all benefits or costs of water projects can be measured in money terms. For example the social costs of requiring people to move away from a reservoir site, or the peace of mind gained by reduction of flood hazard, must be dealt with a descriptive terms. The envi

2.1 Project Cycle Like the other sectors of government project development and management, the water resources sector development and management within a river basin is following a cycle of projects, which is consist of: Master Planning; Feasibility study; Engineering Design; Construction; Operation & Maintenance; Rehabilitation or Restoration. The complete stages or project cycle is shown in Figure 2.1 below: The terms used to describe the stages in planning are subject to variations in use and interpretation, but in general are summaries below: Inventory by region or river basin of potential schemes for development, determine on aerial photography plus other information, in term of land and water availability and access; Identification of projects by name, during or after the inventory, and notification of interest parties; Reconnaissance to clarify aspects not resolved during the inventory, by conducting field survey, and classification to determine scope of furt

Water resources assessment would include the definition of river basin as a geographycal unit for assessing water resoures; the hydrological analysis to assess the availability of surface and groundwater within a river basin, as well as the flood characteristics during the wet season; water demand analysis for assessing the water supply requirement; and the elements of river basin development for sustaining the human welfares. 1.1 River basin definition: River Basin is a geographical area determined by the watershed limits of the system of waters, including surface and underground waters, flowing into a common terminus (See Figure 1.1). Figure 1.1 River Basin 1.2 Hydrological Analysis for water availability, and extreme conditions 1.2.1 Selection of Hydrological Stations. Figure 1.2 below is an example of a map that shows the location of rainfall stations and river gauging stations at the Baram river basin, Sarawak. Figure 1.2 Hydrological Stations at Baram River Basin

River basin planning would include the following topics: Water Resources Assessment Water Resources Project Cycles Project Formulation Logical Framework for Integrated River Basin Development Water resources development and management involves people, natural resources, and infrastructures. Hence, water resources are integrally link to the land resources and environmental condition in meeting the water-related needs of society. In this case, the responsibility of water resources professionals would include: Formulation and implementation of water resource management strategies; and Planning, design, construction, and operation and maintenance of water resources/hydraulics infrastructures The water related (hydraulics) infrastructure of an urban area, rural, or river basin include: River regulation structures; Wells for pumping groundwater; Storage (Dam and reservoir) and conveyance facilities; Water treatment plants; Water distribution networks; Wastewater management system; Flood dam

Rain harvesting is a method of direct use of rain water for domestic and industrial water supply. It consist of rainwater collection, storage, and utilization for different purposes. Nowadays, rain harvesting is becoming important and relevant due to the conversion of land uses from forest and agriculture area into urbanized ares, which has been changing the ability of land surface to conserve water. In combination with common treated water supply the rain harvesting method can save the amount of treated water consumption. Such uses would include flushing toilet, watering plants, cleaning and cooling industrial equipment and machinery. River basin, metropolitan, and municipality authorities are ought to enchorage the use of rainwater harvesting whenever changes in landuse is occured, especially changes into real-estate or industrial estate development. Such rainwater harvesting can be implemented collectively or individually.

1. Introduction 2. Water Resources Assessment 2.1 River basin definition 2.2 Hydrological Analysis 2.2.1 Selection of hydrological stations 2.2.2 Rainfall analysis 2.2.3 Water Availability 2.2.4 River flow analysis 2.2.5 Groundwater yield 2.3 Water Demand 2.4 Elements of water resources development 3. Water Resources Project Cycles 3.1 Master Planning; 3.2 Feasibility study; 3.3 Engineering Design; 3.4 Construction; 3.5 Operation & Maintenance; 3.6 Rehabilitation or Restoration 4. Project Formulation 5. Logical Framework for Integrated River Basin Development

Masdar City is designed to entirely rely on renewal energy, which are solar power to exploit the near constant supply of sunshine. This is a place that has no carbon footprint, hence less harmfull for the earth. Masdar project has been under construction since February 2008 by Abu Dhabi Future Energy Company (ADFEC). It is housing for about 50,000 people in a car free environment. As reported in Borneo Post (January 24, 2008) Masdar, arabic word for "source", would include plans to build a US $ 350 million 100 MW solar plant, which will later be boosted to 500 MW to deal with peak-time pressure on the national grid. The initiative is also founding a university for future energy studies in collaboration with Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Please visit for more information to http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8586046.stm