Energy Development in Indonesia

The goal of energy development in Indonesia is to increase the access to energy for currently 65 % of 234 million of its population to 90%, by the end of 2020. The plan is by adding extra 10, 000 MW by 2012 from coal energy, and the other is another 10,000 MW from geothermal energy.
More information about development of geothermal energy in Indonesia can be found in the PT Pertamina Geothermal at http://www.pgeindonesia.com/

Development of geothermal energy is a strategic move in the energy development in Indonesia since it is a clean energy, and hence reducing the greenhouse gas emission. The head of Indonesian Association Geothermal Association, Surya Darma, as quoted by Borneo Post April 25, 2010, said that "The government's aim to add 4,000 MW of geothermal capacity from existing 1,189 MW, by 2014". One of the biggest obstacles is the cost, where a geothermal plant cost twice compare to a dirty coal-fired power plant. But once established, it can provide the free supply of volcanic heat as electricity with much lower overhead.

Energy analyst Herman Darnel was also quoted as saying that an investment of US $ 12 billion is needed to add 4000 MW capacity, and field exploration can take from three to five years, suitability studies, for funding takes a year, while building the plant itself takes three years.

The 17,000 islands in Indonesia contains hundreds of volcanoes, estimated to hold around 40% of the world's geothermal energy potential. So far Indonesia only exploits seven geothermal fields out of more than 250 that could be developed.

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River Basins in Sarawak (Borneo)

Map of Sarawak River Basins Sarawak State is part of Borneo island and has been divided into 21 river basins, as follows: Kayan, 1,645 km2 Sg. Sarawak, 2,375 km2 Samarahan, 1,090 km2 Sadong, 3,550 km2 Lupar, 6,510 km2 Saribas, 2,200 km2 Krian, 1,500 km2 Lower and Upper Rajang, 47,880 km2 Oya, 2,195 km2 Mukah, 2,275 km2 Balingian, 2,510 km2 Tatau, 5,260 km2 Kemena, 6,100 km2 Similajau, 660 km2 Suai, 1,540 km2 Niah, 1,280 km2 Sibuti, 1,020 km2 Baram, 22,930 km2 Limbang, 3,950 km2 Trusan, 2,615 km2 Lawas, 1,050 km2. for more information please visit https://did.sarawak.gov.my/web/subpage/webpage_view/315

River Basins in Sabah

Figure 1 Rivers and Points Annual Rainfall at Sabah (After Sabah Water Resources Master Plan, 1995) The best source of information about river basins in Sabah is from the "Sabah Water Resources Master Plan", which can be seen at http://www.did.sabah.gov.my/ . The river basins are can be grouped as those that discharging the flow to the west coast, north coast, and to the east coast. Some rivers that go to west coast are: Sg. Mayog/Babogon Sg. Papar Sg. Padas Some rivers that go to the north coast are: Sg. Bandau Sg. Bangan/Kinorom Sg. Bengkoko/Pitas Some rivers that go to the east coast are: Sg. Liwagu Sg. Kinabatangan Sg. Tawau Sg. Merotai Besar The Figure 1 shows the points annual rainfalls and rivers in Sabah.

4. Logical Framework for Integrated River Basin Management

4.1 Introduction The logical framework approach (LFA) was first adopted by U.S. AID in the early 1970s. The framework provides a set of designing tools that, when used creatively, can be used for planning, designing, implementing and evaluating projects (the entire project cycle). The purpose of LFA is to undertake participatory, objectives-oriented planning that spans the life of project or policy work to build stakeholder's team commitment and capacity, through a series of workshops. The technique requires stakeholders to come together in a series of workshops to set priorities and plan for implementation and monitoring. This achieved by structuring the main elements of project in a matrix (the logical framework) which summarizes the project, highlighting logical linkages between intended inputs, planned activities and expected results and records the underlying assumption. See Figure 4.1, for the content of framework matrix and how to read the LFA. 4.2 Steps in Logic

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